Science, Grade 9 - 12, Biology, 2005
1.) Select appropriate laboratory glassware, balances, time measuring equipment, and optical instruments to conduct an experiment.
• Describing the steps of the scientific method
• Comparing controls, dependent variables, and independent variables
• Identifying safe laboratory procedures when handling chemicals and using Bunsen burners and laboratory glassware
• Using appropriate SI units for measuring length, volume, and mass
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2.) Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, and endocytosis.
• Identifying functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in cellular activities
• Comparing the reaction of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions
• Explaining how surface area, cell size, temperature, light, and pH affect cellular activities
• Applying the concept of fluid pressure to biological systems
Examples: blood pressure, turgor pressure, bends, strokes
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3.) Identify reactants and products associated with photosynthesis and cellular respiration and the purposes of these two processes.
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4.) Describe similarities and differences of cell organelles, using diagrams and tables.
• Identifying scientists who contributed to the cell theory
Examples: Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, van Leeuwenhoek
• Distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Identifying various technologies used to observe cells
Examples: light microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope
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5.) Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems as levels of organization in the biosphere.
• Recognizing that cells differentiate to perform specific functions
Examples: ciliated cells to produce movement, nerve cells to conduct electrical charges
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6.) Describe the roles of mitotic and meiotic divisions during reproduction, growth, and repair of cells.
• Comparing sperm and egg formation in terms of ploidy
Example: ploidy—haploid, diploid
• Comparing sexual and asexual reproduction
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7.) Apply Mendel's law to determine phenotypic and genotypic probabilities of offspring.
• Defining important genetic terms, including dihybrid cross, monohybrid cross, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant trait, recessive trait, incomplete dominance, codominance, and allele
• Interpreting inheritance patterns shown in graphs and charts
• Calculating genotypic and phenotypic percentages and ratios using a Punnett square
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8.) Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and protein.
• Explaining relationships among DNA, genes, and chromosomes
• Listing significant contributions of biotechnology to society, including agricultural and medical practices
Examples: DNA fingerprinting, insulin, growth hormone
• Relating normal patterns of genetic inheritance to genetic variation
Example: crossing-over
• Relating ways chance, mutagens, and genetic engineering increase diversity
Examples: insertion, deletion, translocation, inversion, recombinant DNA
• Relating genetic disorders and disease to patterns of genetic inheritance
Examples: hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, Down's syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, color blindness, phenylketonuria (PKU)
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9.) Differentiate between the previous five-kingdom and current six-kingdom classification systems.
• Sequencing taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive in the classification of living things
• Identifying organisms using a dichotomous key
• Identifying ways in which organisms from the Monera, Protista, and Fungi kingdoms are beneficial and harmful
Examples:
- beneficial—decomposers,
- harmful—diseases
• Justifying the grouping of viruses in a category separate from living things
• Writing scientific names accurately by using binomial nomenclature
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10.) Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular and nonvascular plants.
• Describing the histology of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers
• Recognizing chemical and physical adaptations of plants
Examples:
- chemical—foul odor, bitter taste, toxicity;
- physical—spines, needles, broad leaves
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11.) Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization and reproduction, body symmetry, body coverings, and locomotion.
Examples:
- skeletal structure—vertebrates, invertebrates;
- fertilization—external, internal;
- reproduction—sexual, asexual;
- body symmetry—bilateral, radial, asymmetrical;
- body coverings—feathers, scales, fur;
- locomotion—cilia, flagella, pseudopodia
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12.) Describe protective adaptations of animals, including mimicry, camouflage, beak type, migration, and hibernation.
• Identifying ways in which the theory of evolution explains the nature and diversity of organisms
• Describing natural selection, survival of the fittest, geographic isolation, and fossil record
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13.) Trace the flow of energy as it decreases through the trophic levels from producers to the quaternary level in food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids.
• Describing the interdependence of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem
Examples: effects of humidity on stomata size, effects of dissolved oxygen on fish respiration
• Contrasting autotrophs and heterotrophs
• Describing the niche of decomposers
• Using the ten percent law to explain the decreasing availability of energy through the trophic levels
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14.) Trace biogeochemical cycles through the environment, including water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Relating natural disasters, climate changes, nonnative species, and human activity to the dynamic equilibrium of ecosystems
Examples:
- natural disasters—habitat destruction resulting from tornadoes;
- climate changes—changes in migratory patterns of birds;
- nonnative species—exponential growth of kudzu and Zebra mussels due to absence of natural controls;
- human activity—habitat destruction resulting in reduction of biodiversity, conservation resulting in preservation of biodiversity
• Describing the process of ecological succession
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15.) Identify biomes based on environmental factors and native organisms.
Example: tundra—permafrost, low humidity, lichens, polar bears
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16.) Identify density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem.
Examples:
- density-dependent—disease, predator-prey relationships, availability of food and water;
- density-independent—natural disasters, climate
• Discriminating among symbiotic relationships, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
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